BAB I
ENGLISH TENSE SYSTEM
I.1 English Tense System
In some
languages, verb tenses are not very important or do not even exist. In English,
the concept of tense is very important.
In this
lesson we look at the idea behind tense, how to avoid confusing tense with
time, and the structure of the basic tenses, with examples using a regular
verb, an irregular verb and the verb be.
1. What is Tense?
2. Tense & Time
3. Basic Tenses
4. Regular Verbs
5. Irregular Verbs
6. Be
I.2 What is Tense?
Tense (noun) is a form of a verb used to indicate the time, and sometimes the continuation or completeness, of an action in relation to the time of speaking. (From Latin tempus = time). Tense is a method that we use in English to refer to time - past, present and future. Many languages use tenses to talk about time. Other languages have no tenses, but of course they can still talk about time, using different methods.
So, we talk about time in
English with tenses. But,
and this is a very big but:
·
we can also talk about time without using tenses
(for example, going to is a special construction to talk about the future, it is not
a tense)
·
one tense does not always talk about one time
(see Tense & Time for more about this)
Here are some of the terms used
in discussing verbs and tenses :
a.
Mood
Indicative mood expresses
a simple statement of fact, which can be positive (affirmative) or negative.
·
I like coffee.
·
I do not like coffee.
Interrogative mood expresses a question
·
Why do you like coffee?
Imperative mood expresses a command
·
Sit down!
Subjunctive mood expresses what is imagined or
wished or possible
·
The President ordered that he attend the meeting.
Voice shows the relationship of the subject to the
action. In the active
voice, the subject does the action (cats eat mice). In the passive voice, the subject
receives the action (mice are eaten by cats). Among other things, we can use
voice to help us change the focus of attention.
Aspect expresses a feature of the action related to
time, such as completion or duration. Present simple and past simple tenses
have no aspect, but if we wish we can stress with other tenses that :
·
The
action or state referred to by the verb is completed (and often still
relevant),
For example : I have emailed the report to Jane.
(so now she has the report)
(This is called perfective
aspect, using perfect tenses.)
·
The
action or state referred to by the verb is in progress or continuing (that is,
uncompleted),
For
example : We are eating.
(This is called progressive
aspect, using progressive [continuous] tenses.)
I.3 Tense and Time
It is
important not to confuse the name of a verb tense with the way we use it
to talk about time.
For example :
a present tense does not always refer to present time:
·
I hope it rains tomorrow.
"rains" is present simple, but it
refers here to future time (tomorrow).
Or a past
tense does not always refer
to past time:
·
If I had some money now, I could buy it.
"had" is past simple but it refers here
to present time (now).
The
following examples show how different tenses can be used to talk about
different times.
Tense
|
TIME
|
||||
Past
|
Present
|
Future
|
|||
Present Simple
|
I want a coffee.
|
I leave tomorrow.
|
|||
She likes coffee
|
|||||
Present Continuous
|
I am having
dinner.
|
I am taking my
exam next month.
|
|||
She likes coffee
|
|||||
Present Perfect
Simple
|
I have seen ET.
|
I have finished.
|
|||
Present Perfect
Continuous
|
I have been
playing tennis.
|
||||
We have been
working for four hours.
|
|||||
Past Simple
|
I finished one
hour ago.
|
If she loved you
now, she would marry you.
|
If you came tomorrow,
you would see her.
|
||
Past Continuous
|
I was working at 2
am this morning.
|
||||
Past Perfect
Simple
|
I had not eaten
for 24 hours.
|
||||
Past Perfect Continuous
|
We had been
working for 3 hours.
|
If I had been
working now, I would have missed you.
|
If I had been
working tomorrow, I could not have agreed.
|
||
Future Simple
|
Hold on. I'll do
it now.
|
I'll see you
tomorrow.
|
|||
Future Continuous
|
I will be working at
9 pm tonight.
|
||||
Future Perfect
Simple
|
I will have
finished by 9pm tonight.
|
||||
We will have been
married for ten years next month.
|
|||||
Future Perfect
Continuous
|
They may be tired
when you arrive because they will have been working.
|
||||
In 30 minutes, we
will have been working for four hours.
|
|||||
I.4 Basic Tenses
For past
and present, there are 2 simple tenses + 6 complex tenses (using auxiliary
verbs). To these, we can add 4 "modal tenses" for the future (using
modal auxiliary verbs will/shall). This makes a total of 12 tenses in the
active voice. Another 12 tenses are available in the passive voice. So now we
have 24 tenses.
24
Tenses
|
past
|
present
|
future*
|
|
ACTIVE
|
simple
tenses
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
complex
tenses
formed with auxiliary verbs |
past
perfect
|
present
perfect
|
future
perfect
|
|
past
continuous
|
present
continuous
|
future
continuous
|
||
past
perfect continuous
|
present
perfect continuous
|
future
perfect continuous
|
||
PASSIVE
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
past
perfect
|
present
perfect
|
future
perfect
|
||
past
continuous
|
present
continuous
|
future
continuous
|
||
past
perfect continuous
|
present
perfect continuous
|
future
perfect continuous
|
||
Some grammar books use the word progressive instead of
continuous. They are exactly the same.
The use of tenses in
English may be quite complicated, but the structure of English tenses is
actually very simple. The basic structure for a positive sentence is:
subject + auxiliary
verb + main verb
An
auxiliary verb is used in all tenses. (In the simple present and simple past
tenses, the auxiliary verb is usually suppressed for the affirmative, but it
does exist for intensification.) The following table shows the 12 tenses for
the verb to work in the active voice.
structure
|
past
|
present
|
future*
|
|||
auxiliary
|
main
verb
|
|||||
simple
|
normal
|
I
worked
|
I
work
|
I
will work
|
||
intensive
|
do
|
base
|
I
did work
|
I
do work
|
||
perfect
|
have
|
past
participle
|
I
had worked
|
I
have worked
|
I
will have worked
|
|
continuous
|
be
|
present
participle -ing
|
I
was working
|
I
am working
|
I
will be working
|
|
continuous
perfect
|
have
been
|
present
participle -ing
|
I
had been working
|
I
have been working
|
I
will have been working
|
|
*
Technically, there are no future tenses in English. The word will is a modal auxiliary verb and future
tenses are sometimes called "modal tenses". The examples are included
here for convenience and comparison.
I.5 Basic Tenses: Regular Verb
This
page shows the basic tenses with the regular verb work. It includes the
affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the interrogative
or question form (?).
The
basic structure is:
positive:
|
+
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + main verb
|
negative:
|
-
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + not + main
verb
|
question:
|
?
|
auxiliary
verb + subject + main verb
|
These
are the forms of the main verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base
verb
|
past
|
past
participle
|
present
participle -ing
|
work
|
worked
|
worked
|
working
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
||
SIMPLE
do + base verb (except future: will + base verb) |
+
|
I
did work
I worked |
I
do work
I work |
I
will work
|
-
|
I
did not work
|
I
do not work
|
I
will not work
|
|
?
|
Did
I work?
|
Do
I work?
|
Will
I work?
|
|
SIMPLE
PERFECT
have + past participle |
+
|
I
had worked
|
I
have worked
|
I
will have worked
|
-
|
I
had not worked
|
I
have not worked
|
I
will not have worked
|
|
?
|
Had
I worked?
|
Have
I worked?
|
Will
I have worked?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
be + ing |
+
|
I
was working
|
I
am working
|
I
will be working
|
-
|
I
was not working
|
I
am not working
|
I
will not be working
|
|
?
|
Was
I working?
|
Am
I working?
|
Will
I be working?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
have been + ing |
+
|
I
had been working
|
I
have been working
|
I
will have been working
|
-
|
I
had not been working
|
I
have not been working
|
I
will not have been working
|
|
?
|
Had
I been working?
|
Have
I been working?
|
Will
I have been working?
|
|
I.6 Basic Tenses: Irregular Verb
This page shows the basic tenses with the
irregular verb sing. It
includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the
interrogative or question form (?).
The basic structure is:
positive:
|
+
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + main verb
|
negative:
|
-
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + not + main
verb
|
question:
|
?
|
auxiliary
verb + subject + main verb
|
These are the forms of the main
verb that we use to construct the tenses:
base verb
|
past
|
past
participle
|
present
participle -ing
|
sing
|
sang
|
sung
|
singing
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
||
SIMPLE
do + base verb (except future: will + base verb) |
+
|
I
did sing
I sang |
I
do sing
I sing |
I
will sing
|
-
|
I
did not sing
|
I
do not sing
|
I
will not sing
|
|
?
|
Did
I sing?
|
Do
I sing?
|
Will
I sing?
|
|
SIMPLE
PERFECT
have + past participle |
+
|
I
had sung
|
I
have sung
|
I
will have sung
|
-
|
I
had not sung
|
I
have not sung
|
I
will not have sung
|
|
?
|
Had
I sung?
|
Have
I sung?
|
Will
I have sung?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
be + -ing |
+
|
I
was singing
|
I
am singing
|
I
will be singing
|
-
|
I
was not singing
|
I
am not singing
|
I
will not be singing
|
|
?
|
Was
I singing?
|
Am
I singing?
|
Will
I be singing?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
have been +
-ing
|
+
|
I
had been singing
|
I
have been singing
|
I
will have been singing
|
-
|
I
had not been
singing
|
I
have not been
singing
|
I
will not have beensinging
|
|
?
|
Had
I been singing?
|
Have
I been singing?
|
Will
I have been singing?
|
|
The basic structure of tenses for regular verbs and irregular verbs is exactly the same (except to be). The only difference is that with regular verbs the past and past participle are always the same (worked, worked), while with irregular verbs the past and past participle are not always the same (sang, sung). But the structure is the same! It will help you a great deal to really understand that.
past
|
present
|
future
|
||
SIMPLE
present simple or past simple (except future: will + be) |
+
|
I was
|
I am
|
I
will be
|
-
|
I was not
|
I am not
|
I
will not be
|
|
?
|
Was I?
|
Am I?
|
Will
I be?
|
|
SIMPLE
PERFECT
have + been |
+
|
I
had been
|
I
have been
|
I
will have been
|
-
|
I
had not been
|
I
have not been
|
I
will not have been
|
|
?
|
Had
I been?
|
Have
I been?
|
Will
I have been?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
be + being |
+
|
I
was being
|
I
am being
|
I
will be being
|
-
|
I
was not being
|
I
am not being
|
I
will not be being
|
|
?
|
Was
I being?
|
Am
I being?
|
Will
I be being?
|
|
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
have been + being |
+
|
I
had been being
|
I
have been being
|
I
will have been being
|
-
|
I
had not beenbeing
|
I
have not beenbeing
|
I
will not have beenbeing
|
|
?
|
Had
I been being?
|
Have
I been being?
|
Will
I have been being?
|
|
I.7 Basic Tenses: Be
This
page shows the basic tenses with the verb be.
It includes the affirmative or positive form (+), the negative form (-) and the
interrogative or question form (?).
The
basic structure is:
positive
(+):
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + main verb
|
negative
(-):
|
subject
+ auxiliary verb + not + main
verb
|
question
(?):
|
auxiliary
verb + subject + main verb
|
But for simple
past and simple
present tenses,
the structure is not the same. In fact, it's even easier. There is no auxiliary verb. Here is the structure:
positive (+)
:
|
subject
+ main verb
|
negative (-)
:
|
subject
+ main verb + not
|
question (?)
:
|
main
verb + subject
|
These
are the forms of the main verb be that we use to construct the tenses:
base
|
past simple
|
past
participle
|
present
participle
|
present
simple
|
be
|
was, were
|
been
|
being
|
am, are,
is
|
In the following table, we see be conjugated for 12 basic tenses.
SIMPLE
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
singular
|
I
|
was
|
am
|
will be
|
you
|
were
|
are
|
will be
|
|
he/she/it
|
was
|
is
|
will be
|
|
plural
|
we
|
were
|
are
|
will be
|
you
|
were
|
are
|
will be
|
|
they
|
were
|
are
|
will be
|
|
PERFECT
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
singular
|
I
|
had been
|
have been
|
will have
been
|
you
|
had been
|
have been
|
will have
been
|
|
he/she/it
|
had been
|
has been
|
will have
been
|
|
plural
|
we
|
had been
|
have been
|
will have
been
|
you
|
had been
|
have been
|
will have
been
|
|
they
|
had been
|
have been
|
will have
been
|
|
CONTINUOUS
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
singular
|
I
|
was being
|
am being
|
will be
being
|
you
|
were being
|
are being
|
will be
being
|
|
he/she/it
|
was being
|
is being
|
will be
being
|
|
plural
|
we
|
were being
|
are being
|
will be
being
|
you
|
were being
|
are being
|
will be
being
|
|
they
|
were being
|
are being
|
will be
being
|
|
CONTINUOUS
PERFECT
|
past
|
present
|
future
|
|
singular
|
I
|
had been
being
|
have been
being
|
will have
been being
|
you
|
had been
being
|
have been
being
|
will have
been being
|
|
he/she/it
|
had been
being
|
has been
being
|
will have
been being
|
|
plural
|
we
|
had been being
|
have been
being
|
will have
been being
|
you
|
had been
being
|
have been
being
|
will have
been being
|
|
they
|
had been
being
|
have been
being
|
will have
been being
|
|
This
is the form of the Past Perfect Tenses
of “Arrive, Finish, Get, Wait”, etc:
Subject + had + verb Past participle or Verb-3 +
……………………..
|
||||
I
|
Had arrived
|
Had finished
|
Had got
|
Had waited
|
We/You/They
|
Had arrived
|
Had finished
|
Had got
|
Had waited
|
He/She/It
|
Had arrived
|
Had finished
|
Had got
|
Had waited
|
We use
had arrived, had finished, had got, had waited with I, we, you, they, and he,
she, it, and all singular and plural subjects.
Examples:
All ministers had arrived
at the Presidential
Palace
|
before
|
Mr. President came
|
Before
|
Mr. President came
|
All ministers had arrived
at the Presidential
Palace
|
I went to Galeria Mall
|
after
|
I had finished my homework
|
Hundreds of passengers had
waited for two hours
|
when
|
The plane came
|
Tanaka had got his
university degree
|
Before
|
He became a mananger of PT.
Suzi.
|
This is
the form of the Past Perfect
Continuous/Progessive Tense of “Work, Live, Travel”, etc:
Subject + Had + been + Verb-1 + ing
|
Before / after + Subject + past
Participle/Verb-3
|
||
I
|
Had been working
|
Had been living
|
Had been traveling
|
We/You/They
|
Had been living
|
Had been living
|
Had been traveling
|
He/She/It
|
Had been traveling
|
Had been living
|
Had been traveling
|
We use
had been working, had been living, had been traveling with I, we, you, they,
and he, she, it, and all singular and plural subjects.
Examples:
Samson had been working at
the PT. Gobel for twenty years
|
before
|
He died
|
I had been living in this town for ten
years
|
before
|
I moved
|
Henny had been traveling to
Sumatra for a week
|
before
|
She went back to Semarang
|
This
is the form of The Future tense of “Will take , Will Go, Will Stay, Will Be”,
etc:
Subject
|
Will + Verb-1
|
||
I/We/You/They
|
Wil take
|
Will stay
|
Will reach
|
He/She/It
|
Wil go
|
Will be
|
Will consider
|
We use will take, will go, will be, will stay,
will reach, will consider with: I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all
singular and plural subjects.
Examples:
I
|
Will take
|
An examination tomorrow
|
They
|
Will go
|
To Aceh next Sunday
|
The soldiers
|
Will be
|
Home tonight
|
We
|
Will reach
|
Kintamani soon
|
The government
|
Will consider
|
Your proposal
|
You
|
Will be
|
Safer when you drive carefully
|
Mr. Simon
|
Will stay
|
Her ten years from now
|
This is the form of The Future
Continuous/Progressive Tense of “Will be arriving, Will be shining, Will be
coming”, etc:
Subject
|
Will be + ing + ……………..
|
||
I/We/You/They
|
Will be coming
|
Wil be arriving
|
Will be shining
|
He/She/It
|
Will be coming
|
Wil be arriving
|
Will be shining
|
We use will be coming, will be arriving, Will be shining
with: I,We,You,They, and he, she, it, and all singular and
plural subjects.
Examples:
I
|
Will be coming
|
Tomorrow
|
The guests
|
Will be arriving
|
At this time tomorrow
|
The sun
|
Will be shining
|
brightly
|
The Future
Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb form
that is used to express:
An activity that will be in progress at a time in the
future, for example:
·
I will be
coming tomorrow
·
The guests will
be arriving at this tomorrow
·
The sun will be shining brightly
Time Markers that are usually used:
·
At this time tomorrow
·
Next week
·
Next month
·
Next year
·
Until + S + Verb-1
·
When, etc.
This is the form of the Future perfect Tense of “ Pass, Marry, and Check”, etc:
Subject
|
Will + have + Verb in Past Participle/Verb-3 + ….
|
|||
I/We/You/They
He/She/It
|
Will have passed
|
Will have married
|
Will have checked
|
By + a phrase
atau
Before/when + Subject + Verb-1
|
Will have passed
|
Will have married
|
Will have checked
|
||
Will have passed
|
Will have married
|
Will have checked
|
||
We use will have passed, will have married, will have
checked, with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and plural
subjects
Examples:
I
|
Will have passed
|
My examination by the end of this moth
|
Dessy
|
Will have got married
|
To Robby when you come back
|
The Mechanic
|
Will have checked
|
The engine before the pilot flies the plane
|
The
Future Perfect Tense is a verb form that is used to express:
1. An action
that will be completed before another event or a certain time in the future,
for example:
·
I will have graduated from Bandung Institute of
Technology Bandung
·
Dessy will have left for Jakarta when you come back
·
The mechanic will have checked the car before I drive
it.
This is the form of the Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive
Tense of “Sleep, Work, Fight, etc”
Subject
|
Will have + been + Verb-1 + ing + ……………….
|
|||
I/We/You/They
He/She/It
|
Will have been sleeping
|
Will have been working
|
Will have been fighting
|
For………..
|
Will have been sleeping
|
Will have been working
|
Will have been fighting
|
||
Will have been sleeping
|
Will have been working
|
Will have been fighting
|
||
We use
will sleeping, Will have been working, Will have been
fighting, with I, we, you, they, and he, she, it, and all singular and
plural subjects. Examples:
I
|
Will have been sleeping
|
For two hours before my wife gets home
|
The firefighters
|
Will have been fighting
|
Against the fire for five hours
|
We
|
Will have been working
|
For the supermarket
|
The
Present Perfect Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb that is used to
express:
1)
An action that will be in progress before another time
or event in the future, for example:
·
I will have been sleeping for two hours before my wife
gets home.
·
The firefighters
will have been putting the fire out for five hours.
·
We will have been working for the supermarket for two
years.
2) An action
that emphasizes the continuity of future achievement, for example:
·
I will have been teaching here for fifteen years this
year
·
My daughters will have been sleeping for three hours by
the time I get home
This tense is also basically the same
with simple future tense. It explains an activity which will happen after the
conversation happened. The tense is normally used to describe plan or to
explain an estimation. Normally Past Future tense is used as a conditional
sentence type 2.
·
I
would come if you invited me
·
Tom
would travel if he had more money
The characteristic of this tense is
the use of the word ‘will’. Adverbs which are usually used in future tense are TOMORROW,
NEXT… etc.
The Pattern of Past Future Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future Tense
Verbal sentence: S + would
+ Verb1
Nominal sentence: S + would
be + …
Examples:
·
Ann
would play in the final match tonight if she could recover faster.
·
Andrea
would be at home next week if he finished his exam.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Tense
Verbal sentence: S +
wouldn’t + Verb1
Nominal sentence: S +
wouldn’t + …
Examples:
·
Joko
wouldn’t come to the ceremony next Friday if he got sick.
·
The
students would not be absent tomorrow the teacher came to the school.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Tense
Verbal sentence: Would + S +
Verb1
Nominal sentence: Would + S + be
+ ….
Examples:
·
Would
Emma accompany me to the party tonight if I brought a girlfriend?
·
Would
they be able to come to the class on time if an accident happened?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Tense
Verbal sentence: QW + would + S +
Verb1
Nominal sentence: QW + Would + S
+ be + …
Examples:
·
What
would you wear for the party tonight if you did not have one?
·
When
would the room be available if we did not book one?
Past Future Continuous Tense is used
to explain an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a
specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place. This tense
is almost the same like Present Future Tense but it is commonly used in
conditional sentence. The difference is only in the specification of the time.
Present Future Continuous Tense has more specific time.
The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Tense. In Present Future Continuous Tense, the use of specific time is often found.
The adverbs used in this tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Tense. In Present Future Continuous Tense, the use of specific time is often found.
The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
S + would +
be+ Ving
Examples:
·
I
would be studying math tonight at 8 pm if I had no other schedule.
·
The
teachers will be holding an annual teacher meeting at 9 o’clock if they wanted
to.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
S + would + not + be + Ving
Examples:
·
The
employees would not be working tomorrow if boss did not pay them.
·
The
national soccer players would be performing a charity match at 22nd of June if
they won the PPD competition.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
Would + S + be + Ving
Examples:
·
Would
Nami be going to Paris next 22nd of July if she graduated now?
·
Would
he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night if we asked him?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
QW + would + S + be + Ving
Examples:
·
What
would you be doing tomorrow at 8 pm at your house if I came?
·
Where
would the teachers be sitting if we occupied all of them?
By using Past Future Continuous
Tense Pattern, we can explains an event or activity that will be happening in
the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes
place. If you like to find other tenses, you should go to “Learn English
Category”.
Past Future Tense is actually similar
with Present Perfect Tense in the sense of time and meaning. This tense is
normally used as conditional sentence type 3. It has contradictory meaning with
the conditional sentence which is used.
He would have become a rider if his
team had won in the previous race.
The adverbs used in Past Future
Perfect tense are almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Perfect
Tense.
The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Tense
Verbal
sentence: S + Would + have + V3
Nominal
sentence: S + Would + have + been + …
Examples:
·
Jim
would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie.
·
Mia
would have been a good pianist if she had practiced a lot.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Tense
Verbal
sentence: S + Wouldn’t + have + V3
Nominal
sentence: S + Wouldn’t + have + been + …
Examples:
·
Kai
wouldn’t have passed the exam if he had not studied sincerely.
·
The
students would have not been in the suspension if they did not play in the
class.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Tense
Verbal
sentence: S + Would + have + S + V3
Nominal
sentence: Would + have + S + been + …
Examples:
·
Would
have Emma accompanied her friends to the party tonight?
·
Would
have they been able to come by the time class starts?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Tense
Verbal
sentence: QW + Will/shall + have + S
+ Verb1
Nominal
sentence: QW + will/shall have + S + be + …
Examples:
·
What
would have you done by the time I arrived there?
·
Why
would have the room been available if I ask the janitor first?
Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
is basically the same with Present Perfect Continuous Tense. Similar with Past
Future Perfect Tense, this tense is also used in conditional sentence type 3
normally for its positive and negative pattern.
The race would have been starting
since this morning if all riders had come on time.
The adverbs used in this tense are
almost the same with the ones used in Present Future Perfect Continuous Tense.
The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
A. The Positive
Pattern of Past Future Perfect Continuous Tense
S + would + have + been Ving
Examples:
·
Clevany
would have been sleeping if she did not drink much coffee.
·
Rose
will have been studying for two hours if she did not watch a serial drama.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Continuous Tense
S + wouldn’t + have + been Ving
Examples:
·
Ika
wouldn’t have been filling the requirement if she had come late.
·
The
students would have not been watching a movie if the school had ended faster.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Would + have + S + been + Ving
Examples:
·
Would
have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed?
·
Would
have they been playing soccer if the principle had come?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
QW + would + have
+ S + been + Ving
Examples:
·
What
would have you been doing if I had fractured your leg?
·
Where
would have the students been studying if the teacher had not come?
Simple
Present Tenses is a verb form that is used to express:
1) An action
that happens all the time or habits. It happens: everyday, every week, every
month, every year, on Sundays, Mondays, etc, for example:
·
Rose always comes
on time.
·
James goes
to school by car
·
Hassan and I
are classmates.
·
We often meet
each other.
·
The students speak
on Wednesdays.
·
I learn English
everyday.
2) A thing
that is true in general, for example:
·
I am
Indonesian
·
Ice is cold
·
I am a
student
·
You are a
nurse
·
Chriseye is
a singer
·
Bruce Lee and Jet Lee are film stars
·
Jimmy is a
hard worker
·
The Sun rises
in the east
·
Smoking damages
your lungs
3) A
schedule/timetable or a plan , example:
·
The bus arrives
at 5:30 a.m
·
The bank opens
at 8:30 and closes a 4:00
·
Festival on Javanese Culture starts tomorrow
4) A
description and definition, for example:
·
A doctor works
in a hospital. He examines the sick
people. He gives medicine too.
·
Teachers teach
in schools. They explain and give homework and correct students
worksheet
·
An architect is a person who plans a new building.
Note:
Adjunct can be
placed at the beginning or at the end of the sentence, for example:
·
I learn English everyday
or Everyday I learn English.
Time
Markers that are usually used for example:
·
Always
·
Every day
·
Every month
·
Every week
·
Everyday
·
Never
·
Often
·
On Sunday
·
Rarely
·
Seldom
·
Sometime
·
Usually
RULES OF THE ENGLISH SPELLING
|
When a verb ending in : ch, sh, ss and _x, o
add es to the stem of the verb, for example:
·
watch
= watches
·
pass
= passes
·
finish
= finishes
·
fix
= fixes
·
go
= goes
When a verb end in : y after a consonant, y changes
into ie. Then s is added to the stem of the verb, for
example:
·
carry
= carries
·
study
= studies
·
cry
= cries
When a verb ends in : y after a vowal, y does not
change. Then s is added to the stemof the verb, for example:
·
play
= plays
·
buy
= buys
|
The
Present Continuous/Progressive Tenses is a verb
form that is used to express:
1. An action which is happening now or at the moment of speaking, for example:
·
They are
speaking English now
·
We are
discussing a problem at the moment
·
Anita is
writing a letter now
·
I am
watching a boxing champion on TV
2. A future
time, for example:
·
We are leaving
for Sumatra tomorrow
·
I am
leaving for Lombok next week
·
I am
listening to BBC radio tonight
Time Markers that are usually used :
·
now
·
at
the moment
·
at
present
·
tonight
·
tomorrow
Note :
The
following verb
may not be formed in The Present
Continuous/Progressive Tense:
1. Verb
of Perceptions
See,look,
hear, feel, taste, smell, seem, recognize, appear.
2. Verbs
of Emotion or Wishing Verbs
Want, prefer, inted, don’t mind,
refuse, forgive, hope, wish, care for, can’t bear, love, hate.
3. Verb
of Thingking
Agree, believe, expect, forget,
guess, have, having a party, having dinner, imagine, know, mean,
need, note, own, realize, remember, sound, suppose, suspect, taste, think,
understand, wonder.
RULERS OF THE
ENGLISH SPELLING
|
1.
Verb
ending in e drop it when ing is added to them, for example :
·
come+ing = coming
·
blame+ing = blaming
·
hope+ing
= hoping
BUT
·
dye+ing
= dyeing
·
flee+ing = fleeing
·
see+ing
= seeing
2.
when
ing is added to a verb ending in y, its y does not charge to i, for example :
·
carry
+ ing = carrying
·
marry
+ ing = marrying
·
obey
+ ing = obeying
·
cry
+ ing = cryin
3.
when
ing is added to verb ending in ie, it changes into y, for example:
·
die
+ ing = dying
·
lie + ing = lying
|
Present
Perpect Tense is a verb form that is used to express:
- An action that has completed before the present time , for example:
·
Rina has just returned from school
·
Sella has
played tennis
·
I has
lost my chance to study abroad
- An action that has an effect on the present situation, for example:
·
I have
read this letter.
·
He has turned
on the light.
·
The worker has
painted the wall.
·
Tommy has seen
that film twice
·
She has eaten
up all apples
- An activity or a state that has continued for a period of time from a point in the past until the present. This action is not completed; it is still going on up to present, for example:
·
They have lived
in Jakarta for twenty years.
·
Betty has got
married to Rico since 1990.
·
He has worked
for PT. Free Port Indonesia.
Time Markers
that are usually used :
·
Already
·
Just
·
Not yet
·
Since, for example : since 1997, since I was a child.
·
For, for example: for three hour, for five years, for the last two years, etc.
Note :
·
We use The
Present Perfect Tense when we are interested in the action that has been
completed or finished. We are interested in
the result of the action, Not the action itself.
·
We use The
Present Perfect Tense when we wish to say how much we have done, or how
many times we have done something.
The
Present Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb form that is used to express:
An action
( quite a long action ) which began in the past and has continued to the
present. The action or state has not stopped at the present time; IT IS STILL HAPPENING OR GOING ON, for example:
·
I have been learning English since 1997.
·
Mr. Smith has been painthing the ceiling of the house
since 9:00a.m.
·
Miranda has been traveling to Australia.
·
Greg has been playing tennis since 10 o’clock.
·
The mechanic has been repairing his car for five
hours.
Time
Markers that are usually used:
·
Since : since 1997, since I was at Senior High School,
since I was a child.
·
For : for tho hours, for five years, for the last two
years, etc.
The
Simple Past Tenses is a verb form that is used to express:
1. One
action which happened or took place at a particular time in the past, for
example:
·
I was a
student at that time
·
She was a
teacher in 1975.
·
He was a TV
reporter then.
·
You were
there yesterday.
·
I was busy
last night
·
He was in
Japan last month.
·
They were
at the beach a weak ago.
·
You and I were
in Tegal last year
·
Rini met her
old friend yesterday
·
Mr. Hassan bought
a new car two days ago.
·
They went
to China last night.
·
Thomas A Edison invented
electricity.
·
This hotel was
built in 1975
·
Hessa worked
for Trans TV for ten years.
2. Repeated,
habitual action in the past, for example:
·
He used to
have five goats and two cows.
·
I always
went to mosque at night.
·
Colt used
to be the only means of transportation then
Time Markers that are usually used:
·
Yesterday, for example: yesterday afternoon,
yesterday morning, ect.
·
Last, for example: last week, last month, last year,
etc.
·
Ago, for example: two days ago, a week ago, a month
ago, a year ago, etc.
·
In, for example:
in 1975, in 1999, in 2010, ect.
·
At , for example: at 7:00, at 8:30, at 10:15, etc
·
For, for example: for 25 years, for ten years, etc.
·
From …. to, for example: from 5 years to 50, from 1975
to 1985.
·
When, for example: whwn I was young, ……. , etc.
Note :
Sometimes , always, never, often, each year,year after
year can be used here to
describe repeated habitual actions.
RULERS OF THE ENGLISH
SPELLING
|
1. When a
word ends in y after a consonant, y
changed into ie when d
is added to the word. For example:
·
Carry Ã
carried
·
Try à tried
·
Copy à copied
2. When a suffix is added to a short word ending in a consonant
after a vowal, its consonant is doubled, for example:
·
Beg à begged
·
Stop Ã
stopped
·
Plan Ã
planned
|
The Past Countinuous/Progressive Tense is a verb
form that is used to express:
1. An action that was taking place simultaneously when it
was interrupted by another activity in the past. This tenses is rarely used by
itself, example:
·
Shanty was
watching TV when someone knocked the
door.
·
Adam was
talking to the policeman while his wife was crying.
·
I met Tom when he was attending a party.
·
I was
having lunch when the robbery
happened.
2. An action which was occurring at some specific time in
the past, for example:
·
What were you
doing at 9:50? At 9:50 I was doing
my assignment.
·
Gita was
watching TV at 7:00p.m. last night
Time
Markers that are usually used:
·
When
·
While
·
At, for example: 9 o’clock
The Past perfect Tenses
is a verb form that is that is used to express:
1.
An
action that had happened or was completed in the past before another action in
the past, for example:
·
All
ministers had arrived at the
Presidential Palace before Mr. President came.
·
Before
Mr. President came, all ministers had arrived at the Presidential palace.
·
She
went to Galeria Mall after she had finished her homework.
·
Hunderds
of passengers had waited for two
hours when the plane landed.
·
Tanaka
had got his Master Degree from a
reputable university before he became
a manager of PT. Suzuki.
·
Before
I traveled to spain, I had visited London.
·
Tania
went home after she had bought a plane tiket.
·
Lorenza
had gone to the supermarket before
she went home.
·
The
policeman came after the robber had shot dead the security staff of the
bank.
·
After
he had won the grand prize from PT.
Nezo, he went for a tour to Europe.
Time Markers
that are usually used:
·
After,
before, and when
The
Past Perfect Countinuous/Progressive Tense is a verb from that is used to express:
1.
A
longer action that had happened and continued up to the time in the past, and
ended or stopped just before something else in the past, for example:
·
James
had been working at the Pluit
Hospital for fifteen years before he died.
·
I had been living in this city for ten
years before I moved to Malang, East
Java.
·
Henny
had been traveling to Kalimantan for
a week before she went back to
Yogyakarta.
2.
An
activity which is in progress in the past.
·
Her
hair was dirty because she had been
sweeping the yard.
·
When
he got home, he was very tired because he had
been working all day.
Time Markers that
are usually used:
·
When
·
Before
·
For
The Future Tense
is averb
from that is used to express:
1.
An action that is going
to happen in the future, for
example:
·
I
will take an examination tomorrow
·
They
will go to Aceh next Sunday.
·
The
soldiers will be home tonight.
·
We
will reach Kintamani soon.
·
Mr. Simon will stay here for 2 years from now.
·
The
government will consider your proposal.
·
You
will be safer when you drive carefully.
Note:
·
We
can also use be going to + Verb-1, for example:
·
I
am going to invite a lot of guests.
·
I
am going to visit her tomorrow
·
I
feel I am going to be better.
Time Markers that are usually used:
·
Tonight
·
Tomorrow
·
Next
week
·
Next
year
·
In
the future
·
In
ten days
·
From
now
·
Ten
years from now
·
This
weekend
·
Until
+ S + Verb-1
·
when
The Future
Continuous/Progressive Tense
is a verb from that is used to express:
An
activity that will be in progress at a time in the future, for example:
·
I will be coming tomorrow.
·
The
guests will be arriving at this time
tomorrow.
·
The
Sun will be shining brightly.
Time Markers that usually used:
·
At
this time tomorrow
·
Next
week
·
Next
month
·
Next
year
·
Until
+ S + Verb-1
·
When,
etc.
The future Perfect Tense is a verb from that is
used to express:
1.
An action that will be
completed before another event or a certain time in the future, for example:
·
I will have graduated from Bandung Institute
of Technology by the end of June.
·
Dessy
will have left for Jakarta when you
came back.
·
The
mechanic will have checked the car
before I drive it.
Time Markers
that are usually used:
·
By
this time next week
·
By
June, by September, etc.
·
By
next month
·
By
next year
·
By
2025
·
When
+ S + Verb-1
·
Before
Note :
Adjunct can be put in front
of or behind the sentence, for example:
·
By the end of
this month, I will have graduated from
Gadjahmada University
·
I will have graduated from Gadjahmada
University by the
end of this month.
The Future Perfect
Continuous/Progressive Tense is a verb from that is used to express:
A.
An
action that will be in progress before another time or event in the future, for
example:
·
I
will have been sleeping for two hours before my wife gets home.
·
The
firefighters will have been putting the fire out for two years.
B.
An
action that emphasizes the continuity of a future achievement, for example:
·
I
will have teaching here for fifteen years this year.
·
My
daughters will have been sleeping for three hours by the time I get home.
Time Markers that are usually used:
·
For
three hours at that time.
·
Two
hours by six o’clock.
·
The
whole time.
·
Too
long by that time.
The Pattern of Past Future Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future Tense
Examples:
·
Ann
would play in the final match tonight if she could recover faster.
·
Andrea
would be at home next week if he finished his exam.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Tense
Examples:
·
Joko
wouldn’t come to the ceremony next Friday if he got sick.
·
The
students would not be absent tomorrow the teacher came to the school.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Tense
Examples:
·
Would
Emma accompany me to the party tonight if I brought a girlfriend?
·
Would
they be able to come to the class on time if an accident happened?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Tense
Examples:
·
What
would you wear for the party tonight if you did not have one?
·
When
would the room be available if we did not book one?
The Pattern of Past Future Continuous Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
I
would be studying math tonight at 8 pm if I had no other schedule.
·
The
teachers will be holding an annual teacher meeting at 9 o’clock if they wanted
to.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
The
employees would not be working tomorrow if boss did not pay them.
·
The
national soccer players would be performing a charity match at 22nd of June if
they won the PPD competition.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
Would
Nami be going to Paris next 22nd of July if she graduated now?
·
Would
he be playing for our volley team tomorrow night if we asked him?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
What
would you be doing tomorrow at 8 pm at your house if I came?
·
Where
would the teachers be sitting if we occupied all of them?
By using Past Future Continuous Tense Pattern, we can explains an event or activity that will be happening in the future in a specific time that is predicted during the conversation takes place.
The Pattern of Past Future Perfect Tense
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Tense
Examples:
·
Jim
would have finished his job in the next month if he had not watched the movie.
·
Mia
would have been a good pianist if she had practiced a lot.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Tense
Examples:
·
Kai
wouldn’t have passed the exam if he had not studied sincerely.
·
The
students would have not been in the suspension if they did not play in the
class.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Tense
Examples:
·
Would
have Emma accompanied her friends to the party tonight?
·
Would
have they been able to come by the time class starts?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Tense
Examples:
·
What
would have you done by the time I arrived there?
·
Why
would have the room been available if I ask the janitor first?
A.
The Positive Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
Clevany
would have been sleeping if she did not drink much coffee.
·
Rose
will have been studying for two hours if she did not watch a serial drama.
B.
The Negative Pattern of Past Future Perfect
Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
Ika
wouldn’t have been filling the requirement if she had come late.
·
The
students would have not been watching a movie if the school had ended faster.
C.
The Interrogative Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
Would
have Mina been listening to her favorite song if the electricity had downed?
·
Would
have they been playing soccer if the principle had come?
D.
The Question-word Pattern of Past Future
Perfect Continuous Tense
Examples:
·
What
would have you been doing if I had fractured your leg?
·
Where
would have the students been studying if the teacher had not com
